Javno – privatna partnerstva u kontekstu borbe protiv korupcije
Transparentnost Srbija održala je danas radionicu o javno privatnim partnerstvima na kojoj su analizirana dva partnerstva koja su u javnosti pobudila najviše pažnje, ali kod kojih nije primenjen novi Zakon o javnom privatnim partnerstvima i koncesijama - Bus plus i Beograd na vodi.
Programski direktor TS Nemanja Nenadić ukazano je na činjenicu da se veliki broj JPP u Srbiji sprovodi bez primene Zakona, na osnovu međudržavnih sporazuma o saradnji.
Nije svako javno-privatno partnerstvo korupcija, ali je gotovo svaka korupcija „javno-privatno partnerstvo“, to jest dogovor nekog iz javnog i nekog iz privatnog sektora koji ima za cilj da se privatni interes privileguje na uštrb javnog, naveo je Nenadić.
Rizik od korupcije u javno-privatnim partnerstvima u Srbiji je sve veći. Prvi razlog za to su mnogobrojne najave političara da će ovaj metod biti široko korišćen u izgradnji infrastrukturnih projekata i u vlasničkoj transformaciji javnih preduzeća. Drugi razlog je sve češće korišćenje ove vrste aranžmana na osnovu međunarodnih sporazuma, usled čega se ne primenjuju bitne antikorupcijske odredbe domaćih zakona. Treći razlog su mnogobrojna loša iskustva iz prošlosti sa sprovođenjem JPP. Četvrti razlog je nedovoljna transparentnost kod donošenja i sprovođenja ekonomskih odluka Vlade, koja lišava građane mogućnosti da donesu argumentovan sud kako o zakonitosti ovih aranžmana, tako i o njihovoj korisnosti u odnosu na alternative, rekao je programski direktor TS.
Javno – privatna partnerstva nikada nisu jedini način da se zadovolji neki interes društva – uvek postoji alternativno rešenje (javna nabavka iz budžetskih sredstava ili kredita, prodaja javne imovine). Međutim, atraktivnost JPP za političare, naročito u zemlji koja vapi za investicijama i za kvalitetnijim uslugama javnog sektora leži u tome što se kod JPP dobija novi kvalitet bez ulaganja novca poreskih obveznika. Međutim, ono što se ne plati odmah, može biti plaćeno kasnije – kroz naplatu državnih garancija, povećanu cenu javnih usluga, izostalu dobit od prodaje državnog zemljišta itd. Zbog toga je preduslov uspeha temeljno razmatranje opravdanosti JPP spram raspoloživih alternativa. Nakon toga, moraju biti obezbeđena konkurencija i transparentnost, kao i efikasan nadzor, kako u toku izbora privatnog partnera, tako i tokom realizacije ugovora.
Zamenik predsednika Komisije za JPP Nenad Ilić predstavio je novi Zakon o JPP i antikoruptivne mehanizme.
U JPP se rizik upravljanja prebacuje na privatni sektor, moguće je pratiti kvalitet usluge i u slučaju da usluga nije na ugovorenom nivou ne plaća se puna cena. To je prednost čistog JPP u odnosu na druge oblike zadovoljavanja potreba za određenom uslugom, ukazao je Ilić.
Nužno je, međutim, da javna strana konstatntno prati i nadzire rad privatne strane. Takvu obavezu predviđa i podzakonski akt - Uredba o nadzoru.
Ilić jje ukazao da je JPP sa elementima koncesije drugi model predviđen Zakonom. Kod koncesije rizik tržišta i naplate je na koncesionaru. Koncesije su najčešće projekti poput putne infrastrukture, gde se naplata vrši od krajnjih korisnika. Prilikom dogovaranja i planiranja, postoji tendencija privatnog sektora da se rizik prenese na javnu stranu, ali zakon predviđa da svaka strana preuzima rizik kojim može da upravlja.
Zakon, naglasio je zamenik predsednika Komisije, ne ostavlja mogućnost za direktno pregovaranje – i za klasična JPP i za JPP sa elementima koncesije primenjuju se procedure iz Zakona o javnim nabavkama.
Odluka da se uđe u JPP treba da proistekne iz analize koju radi javni partner. Čak i kada postoji inicijativa privatne strane za realizaciju projekta, to mora da bude elaborirani predlog potencijalnog projekta, a javna strana nema obavezu da ga realizuje. U praksi bi se u takvim slučajevima sa zaintersovanom stranom protokolom definisala inicijalna saradnja, uključujući i posledicu nedobijanja tendera.
Sistem je zamišljen da odnos bude transparentnan - raspiše se javni poziv, navede da je zainteresovano lice iniciralo projekat, svi imaju sva dokumenta na uvid, anulira se komparativna prednost inicijatora. Ako je to nemoguće, on se isključuje iz postupka.
Zamenik predsednika Komisije je predstavio i kakve su dileme postojale u vezi sa formiranjem komisije, pri radu na zakonu, kao i iskustva iz dosadašnjeg rada komisije. Naveo je da za nekoliko predloženih projekata niej dato pozitivno mišljenje, dok je većina onih koji su do sada dobili pozitivno mišljenje bili iz oblasti prevoza.
Saradnik TS Zlatko Minić analizirao je aranžmane Beograd na vodi u Bus plus.
Kada se analizira sve što je rečeno na temu Beograda na vodi, u oči upada da se u nekim izjavama naglašava transparentnost i zakonitost projekta, dok se povremeno insistira da su velike investicije nešto što je značajnije od zakona. Primetno je značajno korišćenje teme projekta upravo u okviru predizborne kampanje – za razliku od vesti o toj temi tokom kampanje, u toku tri nedelje posle izbora Beograd na vodi gotovo da nije ni pominjan u javnosti. Pojavio se jedan medijski prilog o tome kako Železnice uklanjaju stare šine i najavljuju da će taj posao završiti „pre roka“. I konačno, stoji činjenica da još nema bilo kakvog ugovora, pa time ni opasnosti po javne resurse.
Na osnovu svega ovoga, teško je izbeći utisak da je glavna svrha dosadašnjih predstavljanja ovog projekta do sada bila upravo politička promocija, a da je javnost za sve to vremena ostala bez bitnih informacija, kako o pravnim modalitetima ovog posla, tako i o njegovoj korisnosti spram alternativnih rešenja. To je korak unazad u odnosu na ranije najave ovog projekta (primena propisa koji nalažu transparentnost i konkurentski postupak, na čemu su predstavnici vladajuće partije insistirali tokom izborne kampanje 2012. godine).
Kao potencijalno koruptivna pitanja u vezi sa Bus plusom izdvajaju se:
- nedovoljna transparentnost i nedovoljna konkurencije pri raspisivanju konkursa i odabiru partnera,
- izbor JPP kao načina rešavanja problema nedovoljnih prihoda u sistemu gradskog prevoza.
Naime, nema podataka o studiji na osnovu koje je zaključeno da bi JPP moglo da reši problem naplate karata, a uslovi vezani za to ne sadrže se u ugovoru. Oni bi eventualno mogli biti sadržani jedino u konkursnoj dokumentaciji, s obzirom da ugovor upućuje da je privatni partner dužan da ispuni uslove iz konkursne dokumentacije. Ugovorom je detaljno definisano uvođenje sistema (hardvera i softvera) za naplatu karata, organizacija prodaje, naplate, kontrole, a po pitanju prihoda i nivoa naplate, ugovor tretira isključivo pitanje visine naplate u probnom periodu, pre konačnog prijema sistema. Propisano je da u tom periodu (jedan do tri meseca) naplata mora biti najmanje 60% prihoda iz identičnog perioda prethodne godine. Na taj način dolazi se do apsurdne situacije – u JPP se ušlo kako bi se povećala naplata, a ugovor ne sadrži ništa o nivou naplate koji bi u praksi dokazao da je sistem efikasan.
Nakon smenjivanja gradonačelnika Dragana Đilasa, Privremeni organ upravljanja Grada Beograda najavio je razgovore sa privatnim partnerom o promenama u sistemu Bus plus, odnosno ugovoru.
Dogovor na kraju nije postignut ni posle mesec i po pregovora. Siniša Mali je 3. aprila saopštio da u razgovoru s predstavnicima "Apeksa" nije pronađeno rešenje prihvatljivo za grad te da je izdao nalog Sekretarijatu za saobraćaj i Direkciji za javni prevoz da pripreme dokumentaciju za tender za izbor novog operatera s kojim bi grad Beograd kreirao sistem na „potpuno novim osnovama“.
Ostalo je nejasno da li to znači da će Grad isplatiti punu cenu uvođenja sistema Bus plus firmi Apeks, ili će organizovati „paralelni sistem“ i upustiti se u eventualni sudski spor. Nije saopšteno da li je urađena studija koja bi pokazala da je isplativo pre roka isplatiti privatnog partnera i organizovati potpuno nov sistem naplate.
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