Srbija lošije rangirana po otvorenosti budžeta
Srbija je na novoj, danas objavljenoj listi, zauzela 60. mesto među 100 zemalja rangiranih po indeksu otvorenosti budžeta (Open budget index OBI). Prema rezultatima međunarodnog istraživanja, Srbija ima 39 od mogućih 100 bodova što je svrstava među zemlje koje pružaju svojim građanima „minimum informacija potrebnih za razumevanje i analiziranje budžeta“. To je znatno ispod proseka regiona (52 boda), ali i značajno lošije nego na prethodnom rangiranju, kada je imala 54 poena.
Glavni razlog za ovakav drastičan pad je činjenica da Vlada u procesu donošenja budžeta za 2012. godinu nije objavila fiskalnu strategiju[1] i da se o sadržaju nacrta tog dokumenta moglo suditi samo na osnovu kritika koje je izrekao Fiskalni savet. Na loš indeks uticala je i činjenica da za 2012. godinu nije postojao „građanski budžet“ - dokument u kojem bi predlog budžeta bio približen građanima, a koji se prvi put pojavljuje ove godine.
Povrh toga, postoji niz problema koji su uticali da ocena bude nezadovoljavajuća. Ti problemi bi mogli da se otklone ukoliko vlada ima nameru da vodi transparentnu budžetsku politiku.
Među ključnim potezima bilo bi povećanje broja ministarstava koja imaju programske budžete, kao i omogućavanje građanima, zainteresovanim grupama i stručnjacima da dobiju potpune i pravovremene informacije u toku pripreme budžeta i da kroz javne rasprave utiču na njegov sadržaj. Izmene Zakona o budžetskom sistemu iz septembra 2012, koje su uglavnom bile pozitivne, nisu rešile ovaj problem. Izmenama tog zakona bi takođe trebalo precizirati rokove za reviziju završnog računa budžeta. Indeks otvorenosti budžeta bio bi veći kada bi se poštovao budžetski kalendar, kada bi Vlada izveštavala šta je preduzela povodom preporuka Državne revizorske institucije, odnosno kada bi aktivnosti na ispunjenju tih preporuka pratili i parlament i DRI.
Indeks bi bio veći i kada bi predlog budžeta sadržao podatke o kvazifiskalnim aktivnostima (kao što je kontrolisanje cena koje su ispod tržišnog nivoa od strane Vlade), o prenetim obavezama i zaduženjima, kada bi se jasno videlo koliko deo budžeta se troši na poverljive nabavke i smanjila diskreciona ovlašćenja u trošenju budžetske rezerve.
Uključenje parlamenta u proces planiranja budžeta i otvaranje rasprave o budžetskoj politici pre utvrđivanja predloga budžeta doprinelo bi prema oceni Transparentnosti Srbija boljem rangiranju. Mesečne izveštaje o realizaciji budžeta (bilten javnih finansija) potrebno je objavljivati pravovremeno, odnosno ažurnije, kao i polugodišnji izveštaj o realizaciji budžeta.
Neophodno je u završnom računu budžeta pojasniti eventualna odstupanja prvobitnih makroekonomskih prognoza i ciljeva budžetske politike od ostvarenih rezultata. Većem indeksu bi doprinelo kada bi Državna revizorska institucija detaljno izveštavala kako su podaci dobijeni od javnosti i drugih institucija (kao što su, na primer, izveštaji Uprave za javne nabavke) uticali na izradu plana revizije.
Godišnji Izveštaj o indeksu otvorenosti budžeta organizacije International Budget Partnership donosi i niz primera dobre prakse u svetu: u Južnoj Africi zakonom je propisano da se fiskalni okvir obavezno razmatra u parlamentu na sednici tokom koje sve zainteresovane strane mogu da iznesu svoje stavove; u Nemačkoj budžetski odbor Bundestaga organizuje javna slušanja na kojima se o budžetskim dokumentima izjašnjavaju ekonomisti, sindikati, udruženja poslodavaca, privredne komore, predstavnici asocijacija javnih službi; konsultativni forumi, na kojima javnost ima priliku da učestvuje u procesu izrade budžeta organizuju se u Bocvani; na Filipinima Državna revizorska institucija ima mehanizam za prijavljivanje pronevera javnih sredstava i redovno objavljuje šta je preduzela povodom prijava. Prema oceni Transparentnosti Srbija bilo bi dobro razmisliti o prihvatanju nekih od ovih primera.
Na vrhu ovogodišnje liste, inače, nalaze se Novi Zeland (OBI 93) i Južna Afrika (90), slede Velika Britanija, Švedska, Norveška i Francuska sa indeksima iznad 80. Na samom začelju, sa indeksom nižim od pet su Zambia, Irak, Niger, Čad, Benin, Saudijska Arabija, Ekvatorijalna Gvineja, Mjanmar i Katar. Srbija deli 60. mesto sa Sijera Leoneom i Malezijom.
Od zemalja regiona, Slovenija je sa indeksom 74 u grupi zemalja u kojoj su SAD (79), Rusija (75), Nemačka (71), Bugarska (65) i Hrvatska (61). BiH ima indeks 50, Rumunija i Albanija 47, a Makedonija 35.
Srbija je sa indeksom 39 iznad proseka Podsaharske Afrike (31), ali zaostaje za Latinskom Amerikom (52), a posebno za zemljama Zapada (75).
Nadamo se da će objavljivanje ovih podataka uticati na to da se izmenama Zakona o budžetskom sistemu a posebno promenom prakse i striktnom primenom postojećih dobrih pravila ostvari napredak u otvorenosti, razumljivosti, sveobuhvatnosti i kontroli budžeta.
Transparentnost – Srbija
Beograd, 23. januar 2013.
Šta je Indeks otvorenosti budžeta?
Međunarodno istraživanje o otvorenosti budžeta, na osnovu kojeg se svake druge godine sačinjava Indeksa otvorenosti budžeta, osmislila je američka nevladina organizacija International Budget Partnership. Ovo istraživanje sprovode stručne i od vlasti zemalja u kojima rade nezavisne institucije širom sveta.
Kroz Indeks otvorenosti budžeta ispituje se da li u nekoj zemlji postoji osam ključnih budžetskih dokumenata, da li ti dokumenti sadrže sve podatke koje bi trebalo i u kojoj meri su dostupni javnosti. Drugi segment istraživanja je kvalitet pravnog okvira i delotvornost prakse nadzora parlamenta i vrhovne revizorske institucije nad izvršnom vlašću u vezi sa pripremom i trošenjem budžeta. Najzad, Indeks pokazuje i u kojoj meri građani mogu da utiču na donošenje odluka u vezi sa budžetom.
Indeks otvorenosti budžeta nije ni istraživanje o percepciji (utiscima), ni ispitivanje stavova. Nasuprot tome, ovo je istraživanje koje na osnovu unapred utvrđenih kriterijuma i precizne metodologije daje sliku o transparentnosti budžeta i postojanju javne odgovornosti u budžetskim procesima. Osnova za istraživanje je upitnik koji sadrži 95 pitanja. U okviru svakog pitanja postojeća regulativa ili praksa se ocenjuje u odnosu na stepen dostizanja visokih standarda jednom od pet ocena. Svaka ocena mora biti dokumentovana i obrazložena, a podleže i naknadnoj proveri od strane dvoje nezavisnih stručnjaka iz inostranstva i proveri IBP radi očuvanja konzistentnosti u primeni metodologije. Nakon toga se i predstavnicima vlasti zemlje na koju se istraživanje odnosi daje prilika da ukažu na eventualne propuste istraživača.
Rezultati IBP su prvi put objavljeni 2006, a Srbija je bila rangirana prvi put 2008. U Srbiji, kao partner na projektu, istraživanje sprovodi organizacija Transparentnost – Srbija.
Rangiranje za 2012. godinu načinjeno je na osnovu podataka koji su bili dostupni do 31. decembra 2011. godine.
Dodatne informacije o projektu, metodologiji i rezultatima istraživanja su dostupne na http://www.internationalbudget.org/
[1] Čitav niz pitanja iz istraživanja odnosi se na tzv. „pre-budget statement“, dokument koji se po međunarodnim standardima objavljuje najmanje mesec dana pre podnošenja predloga budžeta, u kojem se objašnjavaju politike koje zastupa Vlada, makroekonomske pretpostavke budžeta i budžetske projekcije. U istraživanjima za Srbiju iz ranijih godina je razmatrana sadržajnost i dostupnost Memoranduma o budžetu i ekonomskoj i fiskalnoj politici, koji je redovno objavljivan. Zakon o budžetskom sistemu iz 2009. je umesto Memoranduma o budžetu, predvideo donošenje Izveštaja o fiskalnoj strategiji, na koji daje mišljenje Fiskalni savet. Međutim, ni nacrt ni revidirana verzija ovog dokumenta nisu objavljeni.
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