Objavljena odluka Ustavnog suda
Objavljena odluka Ustavnog suda
Ustavni sud Srbije objavio je u celini svoju odluku kojom su odredbe člana 82. st. 3. Zakona o Agenciji za borbu protiv korupcije, o „duplim funkcijama“ proglašene suprotnim Ustavu Srbije i potvrđenom međunarodnom ugovoru (Konvenciji UN protiv korupcije).
Podsećamo da je u vezi sa ovom odlukom Ustavnog suda Transparentnost – Srbija pre nekoliko dana izdala i saopštenje.
Član 29. stav 3. Zakona o izmenama i dopunama Zakona o Agenciji za borbu protiv korupcije nesaglasan sa Ustavom i potvrđenim međunarodnim ugovorom
Ustavni sud je na 28. Redovnoj sednici, utvrdio da odredba člana 29. stav 3. Zakona o izmenama i dopunama Zakona o Agenciji za borbu protiv korupcije ("Službeni glasnik RS", broj 53/10) nije u saglasnosti sa Ustavom i potvrđenim međunarodnim ugovorom.
Ustavni sud je prethodno konstatovao da je članom 29. Zakona o izmenama i dopunama Zakona o agenciji za borbu protiv korupcije izvršena u celini izmena člana 82. osnovnog teksta Zakona, kojim su kao prelaznim rešenjem tog zakona regulisana pravila za rešavanje sukoba interesa u obavljanju javnih funkcija tzv. „zatečenih“ funkcionera, tj. onih koji su se u momentu početka primene Zakona (1. januar 2010. godine) zatekli u obavljanju više javnih funkcija, saglasno propisima kojima je ova materija bila uređena pre početka primene ovog zakona. U tom smislu, odredbama člana 29. st. 1. i 2. Zakona o izmenama i dopunama Zakona propisano je: da je funkcioner koji je vršio više javnih funkcija na dan 1. januara 2010. godine, a nije se do 1. aprila opredelio koju će javnu funkciju nastaviti da obavlja, dužan da najkasnije do 1. septembra 2010. godine obavesti Agenciju koje sve funkcije obavlja; da Agencija, po prijemu obaveštenja iz stava 1. ovog člana, utvrđuje da li se vršenjem više javnih funkcija ugrožava nepristrasno vršenje javne funkcije, odnosno da li vršenje više javnih funkcija predstavlja sukob interesa i ako utvrdi da se vršenjem više javnih funkcija ugrožava nepristrasno vršenje javne funkcije, odnosno da postoji sukob interesa, Agencija donosi odluku kojom određuje rok, koji ne može biti duži od 30 dana, u kojem je funkcioner dužan da prestane sa vršenjem nespojivih funkcija.
Međutim, zakonodavac je predvideo izuzetak od ovih osnovnih pravila po kojima se rešava pitanje eventualnog sukoba interesa tzv. „zatečenih“ funkcionera i osporenom odredbom člana 29. stav 3. Zakona o izmenama i dopunama Zakona propisao da izuzetno od stava 2. ovog člana, funkcioner može da nastavi obavljanje jedne javne funkcije, a uz nju i javne funkcije na koje je izabran neposredno od građana, kao i javne funkcije koju je zakonom i drugim propisom obavezan da vrši, nezavisno od toga o kakvoj javnoj funkciji se radi i bez obaveze da o tome obavesti Agenciju. Sud je konstatovao da prelazno rešenje sadržano u ovoj zakonskoj odredbi odstupa od opštih pravila ustanovljenih za sva lica koja od dana početka primene Zakona o Agenciji za borbu protiv korupcije steknu svojstvo javnog funkcionera.
Ustavni sud je ocenio da se propisivanjem da lica koja su od 1. januara 2010. godine zatečena u vršenju više funkcija, a na jednu od tih funkcija su izabrana neposredno od građana, mogu, pored funkcije koju su obavezni da vrše na osnovu nekog zakona ili drugog propisa, da nastave da obavljaju još jednu javnu funkciju bez obaveze da za njeno obavljanje dobiju saglasnost Agencije, narušava načelo jednakosti svih pred Ustavom i zakonom, utvrđeno članom 21. stav 1. Ustava. Iznetu ocenu Ustavni sud zasniva na stanovištu da se sva lica koja vrše javne funkcije nalaze u istoj pravnoj situaciji, bez obzira da li su status funkcionera, u smislu ovog zakona, stekla pre ili posle početka primene Zakona, te se i pravila o sprečavanju sukoba interesa na sve njih moraju jednako primenjivati.
U vezi sa datom ocenom Sud ističe da izuzetak predviđen osporenom odredbom Zakona ima za posledicu da u slučaju da dva funkcionera koja su na određenu javnu funkciju izabrana neposredno od građana, i koja pored te funkcije obavljaju još jednu funkciju koja je ista u slučaju oba funkcionera (čije obavljanje nije obavezno), funkcioner koji dve funkcije obavlja, odnosno namerava da obavlja posle 1. januara 2010. godine, mora da traži i dobije saglasnost Agencije za njihovo istovremeno obavljanje, dok funkcioner koji je 1. januara 2010. godine zatečen u obavljanju istih javnih funkcija – nastavlja da ih obavlja bez obaveze da za to pribavi saglasnost Agencije. To znači da funkcioneri iz stava 3. člana 29. Zakona o izmenama i dopunama Zakona o Agenciji za borbu protiv korupcije, nastavljaju sa obavljanjem druge javne funkcije čak i u slučaju da je Agencija u postupku davanja saglasnosti za obavljanje iste te javne funkcije funkcioneru koji je takođe izabran neposredno od građana, ali nakon 1. januara 2010. godine, utvrdila da između ovih funkcija postoji sukob interesa.
Na istim razlozima Ustavni sud zasniva i ocenu da se osporenom odredbom Zakona povređuje i pravo građana da pod jednakim uslovima stupaju na javne funkcije, utvrđeno članom 53. Ustava, jer iz osporene odredbe neosporno prozilazi da su uslovi za stupanje na javne funakcije, ne samo generalno posmatrano, već i za stupanje na potpuno iste javne funkcije, različito postavljeni u zavisnosti jedino od vremena kada je funkcioner na njih stupio.
Ustavni sud je, takođe, ocenio da, iz prethodno iznetih razloga, sledi da se osporenom odredbom Zakona krši i načelo o zabrani sukoba interesa utvrđeno u članu 6. Ustava. Naime, kako je Ustavom utvrđeno da se postojanje sukoba interesa i odgovornost pri njegovom rešavanju određuje ne samo Ustavom, već i zakonom (član 6. stav 2.), a ustavno načelo utvrđuje da niko ne može vršiti državnu ili javnu funkciju koja je u sukobu sa njegovim drugim funkcijama, poslovima ili privatnim interesima (član 6. stav 1.) to znači da zakon kojim se određuje postojanje sukoba interesa, ovo pitanje može urediti samo u skladu sa navedenim ustavnim načelom. Sud je ocenio i da je osporena odredba Zakona nesaglasna i načelu vladavine prava koje, u članu 3. stav 2. Ustava, između ostalog, utvrđuje da se vladavina prava ostvaruje i povinovanjem vlasti Ustavu i zakonu, kao i načelu podele vlasti iz člana 4. Ustava. Ustavni sud ukazuje da se ustavno ovlašćenje zakonodavca da odredi kada postoji sukob interesa ne može tumačiti i kao ovlašćenje da se u situacijama kada nije izričito propisano da postoji sukob interesa između tačno definisanih javnih funkcija, isključi postupak utvrđivanja da li sukob interesa konkretno postoji ili ne.
Ocenjujući saglasnost osporene odredbe sa odredbama Konvencije Ujedinjenih nacija protiv korupcije, Sud je mišljenja da osporena odredba ne doprinosi jačanju sistema sprečavanja sukoba interesa, a što predstavlja jedan od temeljinih principa Konvencije. Naime, članom 7. Konvencije kojim se utvrđuju principi koji se odnose na javni sektor, u stavu 4. je predviđeno da će svaka država ugovornica, u skladu s osnovnim načelima svog unutrašnjeg zakonodavstva, nastojati ne samo da usvoji i održi, već i da jača sisteme kojima se povećava transparentnost i sprečava sukob interesa. Pošto osporena odredba zakona u odnosu na funkcionere obuhvaćene prelaznim rešenjem očigledno dozvoljava izuzetak od zabrane sukoba interesa, te je zato i propisana samo kao prelazno rešenje, Ustavni sud nalazi da se na ovaj način ne jača ustanovljeni sistem kojim se sprečava sukob interesa, pa stoga ocenjuje da osporena odredba nije saglasna ni sa potvrđenim međunarodnim ugovorom.
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